Pathogen Variety

63 * 10 seven ± 2.72 * ten nine ), with Letter. ceranae (step 1.58 * ten eight ± step 3.56 * 10 8 ), BQCV (4.84 * 10 6 ± step one.52 * 10 8 ), and you can DWV (8.forty * ten 5 ± step 1.54 * 10 seven ) (Desk S3). A similar variety style have been submitted when you look at the for each and every part and web site (Table S3).

The highest wealth was included in Halictus scabiosae to possess DWV (ten * 10 8 ), from inside the Anthidium loti and you may Episyrphus balteatus to possess KBV (10 * 10 5 ); inside Halictus fulvipes, Andrena hattorfiana, and you can Osmia bicornis to possess ABPV (10 * ten 6 ); within the Eucera eucnemidea having CBPV and you will SBV (ten * ten 10 and you may ten * ten 7 , respectively); during the Bombus sylvarum to possess BQCV (10 * 10 9 ); during the Anthidium florentinum and Lasioglossum villosulum getting AmFV (10 * ten 5 ); within the H. fulvipes and Bombus terrestris to own Letter. ceranae (ten * ten 9 ); inside the Bombus pascuorum and B. terrestris to possess C. bombi (ten * 10 seven ); in the An effective. florentinum and Age. eucnemidea to have S. apis (ten * 10 5 ); and in Halictus simplex and you will Andrena distinguenda to have S. melliferum (ten * ten 6 ) (Desk S1). Two anyone (Chelostoma rapunculi and Lasioglossum malachurum) sampled during the July inside the ERMO was in fact confident to possess L. passim (ten * 10 3 ) (Dining table S1), when you find yourself a few somebody tested for the July, H. simplex and you will Halictus cochlearitarsis, respectively, off PIAI and ERES have been receive self-confident to possess An effective. apis (ten * 10 5 ) (Desk S1).

For everybody pathogens except CBPV, L. passim, and you can S. apis, the latest server taxon, testing site, and you can day was in fact significant predictors out-of wealth (Desk 5). The about three products in the above list was in fact somewhat coordinated towards variety out of DWV, BQCV, Letter. ceranae, and you will C. bombi.

Dining table 5 Significativity of one’s sampling webpages, taxon, and you will day of one’s range due to the fact predictors from pathogen wealth (Kruskal–Wallis investigation).

Seasonal Style

In the March, a leading incidence regarding pathogens are identified, due primarily to the brand new regular occurrence away from one another Letter. ceranae and you will DWV. Immediately following a steep drop off, one another Letter. ceranae and you can DWV started again growing, reaching a highest into the Sep. However, the overall pathogen abundance peaked in July, just after a constant increase in the prior season (Shape step 3).

Shape 3 Pathogen incidence (top) and you will abundance (bottom) on the sampling 12 months (March–October) during the nuts kinds (left) and you may Apis mellifera (right). Wealth are revealed because a quantitative logarithm.

Detailed post-hoc reviews is claimed from inside the Dining table S4. Analytical variations in pathogen wealth are shown when you look at the Figures S1, S2. Temporarily, during the February, a somewhat higher variety out of ABPV and you will Letter. ceranae try sensed, whereas the newest abundance away from S. melliferum try somewhat highest in may. Also, this new abundance from BQCV and you may C. bombi is somewhat highest within the June, the brand new wealth of DWV and you will SBV are rather high inside FV are somewhat large inside the Sep. Zero extreme variations was basically observed to own KBV, CBPV, L. passim, S. apis, and you will An excellent. apis (p > 0.05).

Trojan Phylogenesis

New viral sequences was indeed studied so you’re able to elucidate you can easily architectural spatial and you will/otherwise temporary similarities. The sequenced viruses separated on the various other pollinator species belonged on the same strainsparing the good anybody for every single widespread series lead to primary homology. Therefore, here analyses was used at quantity of the latest servers varieties instead of really. The widespread sequences have been just like the Eu trojan sequences obtainable in GenBank.

Most of the sequences belonging to ABPV (letter = 33) (Figure 4) and you can AmFV (letter = 14) (Shape 5) that were recognised in this study clustered inside the a large single clade. The sequences failed to disagree among controlla la mia fonte certain host species and sampling websites.